Chronic hepatitis C and its outcomes: liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma


DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2023.13.1.99-104

Makashova V.V., Omarova Zh.G., Ponezheva ZH.B., Ivashkova T.A., Gorelov A.V.

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia
The literature review is devoted to the course of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), describes new treatments with direct-acting antivirals and their efficacy. The outcomes of CHC, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the timing, duration and frequency of their occurrence, are shown. The review presents the conducted studies on gene polymorphisms that can serve as biomarkers for the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Literature


1. World Health Organization et al. Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021: accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016–2021: actions for impact: web annex 2: data methods. – 2021. who-global-progress-report-hiv-viral-hepatitis-and-sti-2021.pd


2. Practice Guideline. EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C. J. Hepatol. 2018; 69(2): 461–511. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026.


3. Cooke G.S., Andrieux-Meyer I., Applegate T.L., Atun R., Burry Je.R., Cheinquer H. Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019; 4(2): 135–84. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30270-X


4. Soriano V., Young B., Reau N. V Report from the International Conference on Viral Hepatitis – 2017. AIDS reviews. 2018. DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.M17000012


5. Малеев В.В., Ситников И.Г., Бохонов М.С. Вопросы гепатологии: учебное пособие. СПб: СпецЛит. 2016. 229 с.


Maleev V.V., Sitnikov I.G., Bokhonov M.S. [Questions of hepatology: textbook]. St. Petersburg: SpecLit. 2016. 229 р. (In Russ.).


6. Report from the International Viral Hepatitis Elimination Meeting (IVHEM), 17–18 November 2017, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: gaps and challenges in the WHO 2030 hepatitis C elimination framework. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2055-6640(20)30264-8


7. Kim D.W., Talati C., Kim R. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): beyond sorafenib-chemoth. J. Gastrointestinal Oncology 2017; 8 2): 256–65. DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.09.07


8. Akinyemiju T., Abera S., Ahmed M., Alam N., Alemayohu M.A., Allen C. et al. The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the global burden of disease study 2015. JAMA oncology 2017; 3(12): 1683–91. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055.


9. Kanwal F., Kramer J., Asch S.M., Chayanupatkul M., Cao Y., El-Serag H.B. et al. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agent. Gastroenterology 2017; 153(4): 996–1005. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.012


10. Singal A.G., Lampertico P., Nahon P. Epidemiology and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: New trends. J. Hepatol. 2020;. 72(2): 250–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.025


11. Ramani A., Tapper E.B., Griffin C., Shankar N., Parikh N.D., Asrani S.K. Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Related Mortality in the USA, 1999–2018. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2022; 67(8): 4100–11. doi: 10.1007/s10620-022-07433-81-12


12. Veracruz N., Gish R.G., Cheung R., Chitnis A.S., Wong R.J. Global incidence and mortality of hepatitis B and hepatitis C acute infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma from 2010 to 2019. J. Viral Hepat. 2022; 29(5): 352–65. doi: 10.1111/jvh.13663.352–65


13. Ioannou G.N., Beste L.A., Green P.K., Singal A.G., Tapper E.B., Waljee A.K. et al. Increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma persists up to 10 years after HCV eradication in patients with baseline cirrhosis or high FIB-4 scores. Gastroenterology 2019; 157(5): 1264–78. e4. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.033


14. Llovet J.M., Villanueva A. Effect of HCV clearance with direct-acting antiviral agents on HCC. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2016; 13(10): 561–2. DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.140


15. Nahon P., Bourcier V., Layese R., Audureau E., Cagnot C., Marcellin P. et al. Eradication of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with cirrhosis reduces risk of liver and non-liver complications. .Gastroenterology 2017; 152(1): 142–6. e2. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.009


16. Макашова В.В., Омарова Х.Г., Понежева Ж.Б. Эффективность препаратов прямого противовирусного действия у больных хроническим гепатитом С. Евразийский Союз Ученых 2019; 8-1 (65): 47–9. DOI: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2019.1.65.257


Makashova V.V., Omarova H.G., Ponezheva Zh.B. Efficacy of direct antiviral drugs in patients with chronic hepatitis C], Eurasian Union of Scientists 2019; 8-1 (65): 47–9. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2019.1.65.257


17. Хохлова О.Н, Иванова Л.А., Макашова В.В., Покровский В.В., Рейзис А.Р. Иммунологические изменения у больных хроническим гепатитом С, получавших терапию препаратами прямого противовирусного действия. Инфекционные болезни 2019; 17(1): 33–8. DOI: 10.20953/1729-9225-2019-1-33-38


Khokhlova O.N., Ivanova L.A., Makashova V.V., Pokrovsky V.V., Reizis A.R. [Immunological changes in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct antiviral drugs].. Infectious Diseases 2019; 17(1): 33–8. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.20953/1729-9225-2019-1-33-38


18. Abassa K.K., Wu X.Y., Xiao X.P.. Zhou H-X., Guo Y-W., Wu B. Effect of alcohol on clinical complications of hepatitis virus-induced liver cirrhosis: a consecutive ten-year study. BMC gastroenterology 2022; 22(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02198-w


19. Dondeti M.F., El-Maadawy E.A., Talaat R.M. Hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights into cytokine gene polymorphisms. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016; 22(30): 6800. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22. i30.6800


20. Akdis M., Aab A., Altunbulakli C., Azkur K., Costa R.A., Crameri R. et al. Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J. Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016; 138(4): 984–1010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.033


21. Zheng M., Fang W., Yu M., Ding R., Zeng H., Huang Y., Mi Y. et al. IL-6 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms and cirrhosis of liver risk from a comprehensive analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2021; 21(1): 1–13. DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00906-3


22. Barooah P., Saikia S., Kalita M.J., Bharadwaj R., Sarmah P., Bhattacharyya M., et al. IL-10 polymorphisms and haplotypes predict susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in patients with hepatitis C virus infection from Northeast India. Viral Immunol. 2020; 33(6): 457–67. DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0170


23. Ghanem S.E., Shebl N.A., El Sayed I.E.T., Abdel-Bary H.M., Saad B. F., Saad W.O. Direct Relationship between Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphism and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Complicated by Direct Acting Antiviral Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (APJCP) 2021; 22(10):. 3203. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.10.3203


24. Saad H., Zahran M.A., Hendy O. Abdel-Samiee M., Bedair H.M., Abdelsameea E. et al. Matrix Metallo­proteinase-11 Gene Polymorphisms as a Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Egyptian Patients. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (APJCP) 2020; 21(12): 3725. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.12.3725


25. Ahmed H.S., Wahab E.A., Elhady H.A., Elgerby M.M. Association of genetic polymorphism of BCL-2 (rs2279115) with susceptibility to HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunol. Res. 2020; 68(4): 189–97. DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09143-7


26. Barooah P., Saikia S., Bharadwaj R., Sarmah P., Bhattacharyya M., Goswami B. et al. Role of VDR, GC, and CYP2R1 polymorphisms in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 2019; 23(5): 325–31. DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0170


27. Rowida R.I., Eshra K.A., El-Sharaby R.M., Eissa R., Saied S. M, Amer I. et al. Apa1 (rs7975232) SNP in the vitamin D receptor is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. Brit. J. Biomed. Scie. 2020; 77(2): 53–7. DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2019.1680166


28. Mohamed A.A., Yassin A.S., Gomaa B.S., Darwish H., Mohamed R.S., Makled S. et al. Association of Polymorphism in Survivin Gene and the Risk of Liver Cancer Resulting from Hepatitis C Virus Among Egyptian Patients. Current Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21(6):. 536–43. DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210302090917


29. Huang Y., Chen Y., Tu S., Zhang J., Qiu Y., Yu W. Diagnostic Accuracy of Circulating microRNAs for Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Infect. Dis.. 2022; 22(1): 1–13. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07292-8


30. Innes H., Nischalke H.D., Guha I.N., Weiss K.H., Irving W., Gotthardt D. et al. The rs429358 Locus in Apolipoprotein E Is Associated With Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis. Hepatology Communications 2022; 6(5): 1213-–26. DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1886


31. Arafa M., Besheer T., El-Eraky A.M., El-Khair S.M.A., Elsamanoudy A.Z. Genetic variants of XRCC1 and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients. Brit. J. Biom. Sci. 2019; 76(2): 64–9. DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2019.1594487


32. Sharkawi F.Z.E., El-Sherbiny M., Ali S.A.M., Nassifv W.M.H. The potential value of plasma Circ-ITCH in Hepatocellular carcinoma patients with current Hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2023; 46(1): 17–27. DOI:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2022.03.006


About the Autors


Professor Vera V. Makashova, MD, Leading Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; veramakashova@yandex.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-3527
Khadizhat G. Omarova, Cand. Med. Sci., Head, Department of Clinical Trials, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; omarova71@inbox.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9682-2230
Zhanna B. Ponezheva, MD, Head, Clinical Infectious Pathology Department, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; doktorim@mail.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6539-4878
Tatiana A. Ivashkova, Resident, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; tany_k000@mail.ru
Professor Aleksandr V. Gorelov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences; MD, Deputy Director for Science, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Rights Protection and Human Well-Being; Moscow, Russia crie@pcr.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6539-4878


Similar Articles


Бионика Медиа