Prevalence of human immune deficiency virus infection in the territories of the Russian Federation in 2021


DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2022.12.3.12-8

Ladnaia N.N., Pokrovsky V.V., Sokolova E.V., Chekryzhova D.G., Kirzhanova V.V.

1) Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; 2) V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
In recent years there has been a decline in the number of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and in that of deaths associated with this infection in the world, but since modern therapy prolongs survival in people living with HIV (PLHIV), their total number is constantly increasing. At the same time, the prevalence of the disease is growing unevenly in different geographical regions and population groups.
Objective. To assess trends in the development of the HIV epidemic in different territories of the Russian Federation in 2021.
Materials and methods. The authors analyzed personalized data on all HIV infection cases identified in Russia in 1987–2021; data from federal state statistical observation forms Nos. 2, 4, 61, and 11; and data from the departmental monitoring form of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being. The HIV epidemic stages in the country’s regions were determined according to the WHO and the UNAIDS recommendations.
Results. In 1987 to December 31, 2021, Russia registered a total of 1,562,570 Russians with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of HIV infection; 424,974 people of them died. In 2021, a total of 71,019 HIV-infected Russians were diagnosed for the first time and 34,093 deaths were reported; as a result, the overall HIV incidence rates increased to 782.0 per 100,000. At the end of 2021, there were 1,137,596 PLHIV, i.e. 0.8% of the total population of Russia or 1.5% of the population aged 15 to 49 years. 67.8% of the PLHIV first identified in 2021 reported to have heterosexual contacts only; 27.8% used intravenous narcotic drugs; 3.0% had homosexual contacts, which indicates that the heterosexual population that is not particularly vulnerable groups is increasingly involved in the epidemic process. At the same time, the HIV incidence rates reached high levels among the most vulnerable groups: injecting drug users (27%), men who had sex with men (13%). In 2021, the concentrated HIV epidemic stage was observed in the Russian Federation as a whole and in its most regions, since in 2019 the incidence of HIV infection did not exceed 1% and was significantly more than 5% in vulnerable population groups. At the same time, the generalized HIV epidemic stage was determined in 27 regions, the disease was diagnosed in more than 1% of pregnant women. These regions were inhabited by 35,9% of the population of the Russian Federation. In 2021, only 3.3% lived in 9 regions with the initial HIV epidemic stage.
Conclusion. In 2021, the generalization of the epidemic process of HIV infection continued in the Russian Federation due to the spread of HIV among both heterosexuals and in vulnerable groups, which indicates the insufficient effectiveness of antiepidemic measures.
Keywords: Federation’s subjects, HIV infection epidemic stages, Russian Federation, morbidity, HIV infection, incidence
Read entire article

Literature

1. Информационный бюллетень «Всемирный день борьбы со СПИДом 2021». ЮНЭЙДС, 2021. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/ media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_ru.pdf


[Global HIV & AIDS statistics. Fact sheet «World AIDS Day 2021»]. UNAIDS, 2021. (In Russ.). https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet


2. We’ve got the power — Women, adolescent girls and the HIV response. UNAIDS/JC2985, Geneva, 2020. 51 p. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/ files/media_asset/2020_women-adolescent-girls-and-hiv_en.pdf


3. AIDSinfo, UNAIDS, 2020. http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/


4. UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance (2000) Guidelines for second generation HIV surveillance for HIV: The next decade (2000). Geneva: WHO. WHO/CDS/EDC/2000.05. http://www.who. int/hiv/pub/surveillance/pub3/en/index.html.


5. Hallett T.B., Zaba B., Todd J., Lopman B., Mwita W., Biraro S. et al. Estimating Incidence from Prevalence in Generalised HIV Epidemics: Methods and Validation. PLoS Med. 2008; 5(4): e80. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050080


6. Ghys P.D., Kufa E., George M.V. For the Unaids Reference Group on Estimates Modelling and Projections’ ad hoc Working Group on interpreting trends in prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in countries with generalised epidemics. Measuring trends in prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in countries with generalised epidemics. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2006; 82: i52–6.


7. Boerma J.T., Ghys P.D., Walker N. Estimates of HIV-1 prevalence from national population-based surveys as a new gold standard. Lancet 2003; 362: 1929–31.


8. Garcia-Calleja J.M., Gouws E., Ghys P.D. National population based HIV prevalence surveys in sub-Saharan Africa: results and implications for HIV and AIDS estimates. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2006; 82(Suppl 3): iii64–70.


9. Sakarovitch C., Alioum A., Ekouevi D.K., Msellati P., Leroy V. et al. Estimating incidence of HIV infection in childbearing age African women using serial prevalence data from antenatal clinics. Stat. Med. 2007; 26: 320–35. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050080


10. Initiating second generation HIV surveillance systems: practical guidelines. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2002. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_ asset/jc742-initiatingsgs_en_0.pdf


11. WHO/UNAIDS. Guidelines for second generation HIV surveillance: an update: know your epidemic, 2013. 63 p. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/85511/9789241505826_eng.pdf?sequence=1


12. Эпидемиологический надзор за ВИЧ-инфекцией. Методические указания. М.: Федеральный центр гигиены и эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора, 2016. 75 с.


[Epidemiological surveillance of HIV infection. Guidelines]. Moscow: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology, 2016. 75 p. (In Russ.).


13. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. 2007. 46 p. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 43699/9789241595629_eng.pdf


14. О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2021 году: Государственный доклад. М.: Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, 2022. 340 с.


[On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2021: State report]. Moscow: Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 2022. 340 p. (In Russ.).


15. Киржанова В.В., Григорова Н.И., Бобков Е.Н., Киржанов В.Н., Сидорюк О.В. Деятельность наркологической службы в Российской Федерации в 2019–2020 годах: Аналитический обзор. М., 2021. 192 с.


Kirzhanova V.V., Grigorova N.I., Bobkov E.N., Kirzhanov V.N., Sidoryuk O.V. Activities of the Narcological Service of the Russian Federation in 2019-2020: Analytical Review]. Moscow, 2021. (In Russ.).


16. Плавинский С.Л., Ладная Н.Н., Баринова А.Н., Зайцева Е.Е. Распространенность ВИЧ-инфекции и рискованного поведения среди уязвимых групп населения в 7 регионах Российской Федерации. Результаты биоповеденческого исследования 2017 г. М., 2018. 136 с.


Plavinsky S.L., Ladnaia N.N., Zaytseva E.E., Barinova A.N. [HIV prevalence and risk behavior among vulnerable population groups in 7 regions of the Russian Federation. Results of an integrated bio-behavioral survey, 2017]. Мoscow, 2018. 136 p. (In Russ.).


17. Концепция развития уголовно-исполнительной системы Российской Федерации на период до 2030 года (утверждена распоряжением Правительства Российской Федерации от 29 апреля 2021 г. № 1138-р). https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/400639567/


[The concept of development of the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 (approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 29, 2021 No. 1138-r). (In Russ.). https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/400639567/


18. Статистические данные. Управление организации медико-санитарного обеспечения Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний https://fsin.gov.ru/structure/medicine/statisticheskie-dannye-/


[Statistical data. Department of Organization of Medical and Sanitary Support of the Federal Penitentiary Service]. (In Russ.). https://fsin.gov.ru/structure/medicine/statisticheskie-dannye-/


19. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2021–2020 data. Stockholm: ECDC; 2021.


20. Доклад по результатам исследования по оценке социально-экономических потерь общества от эпидемии ВИЧ/СПИД в России. Аналитический центр при Правительстве Российской Федерации. М., 2020. 264 с. http://eecahub.unaids.org/uploads/Доклад_Оценка_ соц_эк_потерь_от_ВИЧ_в_России_финал%20290121_91013.pdf


[Report on the results of a study on the assessment of socio-economic losses of society from the HIV epidemic/AIDS in Russia. Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation]. Moscow, 2020. 264 p. (In Russ.). http://eecahub.unaids.org/uploads/Доклад_Оценка_соц_эк_ потерь_ от_ВИЧ_в_России_финал%20290121_91013.pdf


About the Autors

Natalia N. Ladnaia, Cand. Biol. Sci., Senior Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; ladnaia@hotmail.com; htpp://orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-151X
Professor Vadim V. Pokrovsky, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, Head, HIV Department, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; pokrovsky.vad@yandex.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-7288; Scopus Author ID: 7202457043
Ekaterina V. Sokolova, Cand. Med. Sci., Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; ekaterinasokolova007@rambler.ru, $http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2001-8772
Daria G. Chekryzhova, Epidemiologist, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; epid@hiv-russia.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-8257
Valentina V. Kirzhanova, MD, Leading Researcher, Organization Department for Preventive Care in Narcology, National Research Center for Narcology, Branch, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Kirzhanova.V@serbsky.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3243-1409


Similar Articles

Back to Content

Бионика Медиа