Русский
Studying the transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance in the Republic of Armenia using bioinformatics methods
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2021.11.4.53-60
Osadchaya O.A., Eroshkin P.V., Kirichenko A.A., Lapovok I.A., Saleeva D.V., Lopatukhin A.E., Shlykova A.V., Kireev D.E., Grigoryan T.R., Petrosyan A.R., Sarhatyan T.F., Pokrovsky V.V.
1) Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; 2) Republican Center for AIDS Prevention, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
Materials and methods. The authors analyzed 546 nucleotide sequences of the pol gene fragment isolated from HIV-infected patients who had no experience in receiving ARVT from the Republic of Armenia. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed for the presence of resistance mutations and the level of DR to ARVDs using the Stanford University database and a CPR tool. Mutations were assessed from the 2009 SDRM sheet according to the standard WHO protocols. HIV subtypes were identified using the Stanford University database and confirmed by phylogenetic analysis.
Results. The prevalence of mutations associated with the predictive DR was 16.3%. The level of HIV transmitted DR was 5.5%, which is classified as moderate by the WHO. The highest DR was found for 2 drugs (NVP, EFV) of the NNRTI class and for 2 drugs (FTC, 3TC) of the NRTI class. Analysis of HIV-1 genetic variants in the Republic of Armenia and in the Russian Federation showed a high genetic similarity to the epidemics occurring in these countries.
Conclusion. DR to ARVDs has been found to increase from 1.5 to 5.5%. The high (3.8%) resistance has been established for EFV that is prescribed as a first-line drug. It is important to conduct epidemiological surveillance of the spread of DR in the region due to the higher patient coverage with ARVT.
Literature
1. ЮНЭЙДС. Информационный бюллетень 2021 г. https://www. unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_ru.pdf
[UNAIDS. Newsletter 2021]. (In Russ.). https://www.unaids.org/ sites/default/files/ media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_ru.pdf
2. Aibekova L., Foley B., Hortelano G. et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtype A in former Soviet Union countries. PLoS One 2018; 13(2): e0191891. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0191891
3. ЮНЭЙДС. Армения, информационный бюллетень по стране. https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/armenia
[UNAIDS. Armenia, country newsletter]. (In Russ.). doi:10.1371/journal. pone. 0191891
4. ВИЧ-инфекция 2019. Информационный бюллетень № 45. М.: Федеральный научно-методический центр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИДом, 2020. http://www.hivrussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Byulleten-45-VICH-infektsiya-2019-g..pdf
[HIV infection 2019. Newsletter №. 45]. Moscow, 2020. (In Russ.). http://www.hivrussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Byulleten-45-VICH-infektsiya-2019-g..pdf
5. Levi J., Raymond A., Pozniak A., Vernazza H., Kohler P., Hill A. Can the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target be achieved? A systematic analysis of national HIV treatment cascades. BMJ Global Health. 2016; 1(2): e000010. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000010
6. Мониторинг закупок препаратов для лечения ВИЧ-инфекции и ВГС; выработка решений по оптимизации ситуации с целью способствования бесперебойному доступу к препаратам в Республике Армения, 2018–2019. Отчет международной коалиции по готовности к лечению. https://itpcru.org/2019/11/12/rezultaty-monitoringa-zakupok-preparatov-dlya-lecheniya-vich-infekczii-i-gepatita-s-v-armenii-v-2018-godu/
[Monitoring of procurement of drugs for the treatment of HIV infection and HCV; development of solutions to optimize the situation in order to promote uninterrupted access to drugs in the Republic of Armenia, 2018–2019. Report of the International Coalition on Treatment Readiness]. (In Russ.). https://itpcru.org/2019/11/12/rezultaty-monitoringa-zakupok-preparatov-dlya-lecheniya-vich-infekczii-i-gepatita-s-v-armenii-v-2018-godu/
7. Laga V., Vasilyev A., Lapovok I., Grigoryan S., Papoyan A., Glushchenko N. et al. HIV Type 1 Subtype A1 Dominates in Armenia. Curr. HIV Res. 2015; 13(3): 219–25. PMID: 25845390
8. WHO/HIVResNet HIV Drug resistance laboratory operational framework. Geneva: World Health Organizations, 2017. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000987-5
9. Bennett D.E., Camacho R.J., Otelea D., Otelea D., Kuritzkes D. R., Fleury H. et. al. Drug Resistance Mutations for Surveillance of Transmitted HIV-1 Drug-resistance: 2009 Updata. PLos ONE 2009; 4(3): 1–8.
10. Foley B.T, Leitner T., Paraskevis D., Petter M. Primate immunodeficiency virus classification and nomenclature. Review. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016; 46: 150–58.
11. Taylor B.S., Sobieszczyk M.E., McCutchan F.E., Hammer S.M. The challenge of HIV-1 subtype diversity. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 358(15): 1590–1602.
12. Кириченко А.А., Киреев Д.Е., Лопатухин А.Э., Лаповок И.А., Ладная Н.Н., Покровский В.В. Уровень и структура лекарственной устойчивости ВИЧ-1 среди пациентов без опыта приема антиретровирусных препаратов с момента начала применения антиретровирусной терапии в Российской Федерации. ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии 2019; 11(2): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-2-75-83
Kirichenko A.A., Kireev D.E., Lopatukhin A.E., Murzakova A.V., Lapovok I.A., Ladnaya N.N., Pokrovsky V.V. [Prevalence and structure of HIV-1 drug resistance among treatment naïve patients since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in the Russian Federation]. HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 2019; 11(2): 75–83. (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10. 22328/2077-9828-2019-11-2-75-83
13. Lapovok I., Murzakova A., Lopatukhin A. Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among ART-naïve patients in Russia from 2005 to 2015. Proceedings of 14 European Meeting on HIV & Hepatitis. Rev. Antivir. Ther. Infect. Dis. 2016; (4): 83–4.
14. Guidelines on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance. Geneva: World Health Organizations, July 2017. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255880/9789241550055-eng.pdf;jsessionid=A0D04673B7BD675E51A4774A72435012?sequence=1
15. Bennett D.E., Myatt M., Bertagolio S., Suthertand D., Gilks C.P. Recommendations for surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance countries scaling up antiretroviral treatment. Antivir. Ther. 2008; 13(Suppl. 2): 25–36.
About the Autors
Olga A. Osadchaya, Junior Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; osadchaya96@yandex.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1543-5579
Pavel V. Eroshkin, Junior Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; eroshkinpvl@gmail.com; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-1574
Alina A. Kirichenko, Scientific Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; kotova-kirichenko@mail.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-0138
Ilya A. Lapovik – Cand. Biol. Sci., Senior Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; i_lapovok@mail.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-632801415
Daria V. Saleeva, Junior Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; dasha_saleeva@inbox.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5870-5594
Alexey E. Lopatukhin, Researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; a.lopatukhin@gmail.com; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-699X
Anastasia V. Shlykova, Researcher,, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; murzakova_a.v@mail.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-8021
Dmitry E. Kireev, Cand. Biol. Sci., Head, Laboratory of Diagnostics and Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Infection, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for the Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russia; dmitkireev@yandex.ru; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7896-2379
Trdat R. Grigoryan, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Republican Center for Prevention of AIDS, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia; gtrdat@yahoo.com; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7319-7444
Arshak R. Petrosyan, Laboratory Physician, Laboratory of PCR, Microbiology, Virology, and Genetics, Republican Center for AIDS Prevention, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia; a_petrosyan@list.ru
Tatevik A. Sarhatyan, Laboratory Physician, Laboratory of PCR, Microbiology, Virology and Genetics, Republican Center for AIDS Prevention, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia; sarhatyantatev @mail.ru
Professor Vadim V. Pokrovsky, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences,, MD, Head, Specialized Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of AIDS, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being; pokrovsky.vad@yandex.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-7288; Scopus Author ID: 7202457043
Similar Articles
