Epidemiological analysis of rabies outbreaks in the Trans-Baikal Region after transboundary drift of infection


DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2019.9.3.15-24

Botvinkin A.D., Zarva I.D., Yakovchits N.V., Adelshin R.V., Melnikova O.V., Andaev E.I., Shulpin M.I., Chupin S.A., Metlin A.E., Balakhonov S.V., Khankhareev S.S., Lapa S.E., Istomina T.F., Korotkova I.A., Shoboeva R.S., Kalugin D.V., Bakhlina N.V., Zvereva O.A., Stepina V.S., Ablov A.I., Koplik М.E., Shkolnikova E.N., Shchepin S.G.

1) Irkutsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Irkutsk, Russia; 2) Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and the Far East, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Irkutsk, Russia; 3) Irkutsk State University, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Irkutsk, Russia; 4) Federal Centre for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia; 5) Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Ulan-Ude, Russia; 6) Directorate for the Trans-Baikal Territory, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Chita, Russia; 7) Veterinary Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, Russia; 8) Buryat Republican Research and Production Veterinary Laboratory, Ulan-Ude, Russia; 9) Trans-Baikal Territorial Veterinary Laboratory, Chita, Russia; 10) Irkutsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory, Irkutsk, Russia; 11) Republican Service for Protection, Control, and Regulation of Use of Fauna Objects Referred to Objects of Hunting, Control, and Supervision in Environmental Management of the Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, Russia
In 1980 to 2010, the Trans-Baikal region remained free of rabies. In 2011, the first cases of rabies in animals were recorded; outbreaks were later detected in several areas.
Objective. To characterize the epidemiological features of rabies outbreaks recorded in Transbaikalia after a long period, during which no cases of this disease were found.
Material and methods. The authors conducted a descriptive epidemiological study of a series of outbreaks identified in the Republic of Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2011–2018. GIS technologies and phylogenetic analysis of virus isolates were used.
Results. There were 262 cases of rabies in animals (35.5% of cases in wild animals, 7.2% in dogs and cats; 57.3% in agricultural animals). No human rabies cases were reported. Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were the main natural reservoir of infection. Rabies virus isolates belonged to the steppe genetic lineage and differed from the viruses isolated in this region in the 1970s (Arctiс-like lineage). Epidemiological and molecular genetic data are indicative of the transboundary introduction оf infection from Mongolia and China.
Conclusion. The outbreaks of rabies in Trans-Baikal occurred due to the spreading of the steppe variant of the rabies virus in the eastern direction and its penetration into the peripheral areas of Mongol-type steppes. In 2011–2018 dogs and wolves were rarely involved in the circulation of the virus, unlike to the epizootics described in the 20th century, which is obviously associated with a change in the variant of the virus.
Keywords: landscape distribution, transboundary drift, fox rabies, molecular epidemiology
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About the Autors

Prof. Aleksandr D. Botvinkin, MD, Head, Department of Epidemiology, Irkutsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Irkutsk, Russia; е-mail: botvinkin_ismu@mail.ru; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0920-1330
Ivan D. Zarva, Postgraduate Student, Department of Epidemiology, Irkutsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: ivan_zarva@mail.ru; ORCID: http:// orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-5998
Nikolai V. Yakovchits, Researcher, Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and the Far East, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: nikolaybio@mail.ru; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-0371
Renat V. Adelshin, Cand. Biol. Sci., Senior Researcher, Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and the Far East, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being; Assistant Professor, Irkutsk State University, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: adelshin@gmail.com; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3690-3992
Olga V. Melnikova, BD, Senior Researcher, Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and the Far East, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: melnikovaovit@gmail.com; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5133-323
Evgeni I. Andaev, MD, Head, Laboratory for Feral Herd Viral Infections; Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and the Far East, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: e.andaev@gmail.com; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-479Х
Mikhail I. Shulpin, Cand. Biol. Sci., Head, Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE, Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia; e-mail: shulpin@arriah.ru; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1484-2319.
Sergey А. Chupin, Cand. Biol. Sci., Leading Researcher, Reference Laboratory for Rabies and BSE, Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia; e-mail: shulpin@arriah.ru; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-5589
Artem Е. Metlin, Cand. Vet. Sci., Deputy Director for Research and Development, Federal Centre for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia, e-mail: artem.metlin@inbox.ru; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4283-0171
Prof. Sergey V. Balakhonov, MD, Director, Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute of Siberia and the Far East, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: balakhonov.irk@mail.ru; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4201-5828
Sergey S. Khankhareev, Cand. Med. Sci., Head, Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Ulan-Ude, Russia, e-mail: sunoxr@03.rospotrebnadzor.ru
Svetlana E. Lapa, Cand. Med. Sci., Head, Directorate for the Trans-Baikal Territory, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Chita, Russia; e-mail: tur@75.rospotrebnadzor.ru
Tatiana F. Istomina, Head, Department of Transport Supervision and Sanitary Protection of the Territory, Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Ulan-Ude, Russia; e-mail: sunoxr@03.rospotrebnadzor.ru
Inna A. Korotkova, Head, Department of Transport Supervision and Sanitary Protection of the Territory, Directorate for the Trans-Baikal Territory, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Chita, Russia; e-mail: osonnt@75.rospotrebnadzor.ru
Rimma S. Shoboeva, Principal Expert, Department of Transport Supervision and Sanitary Protection of the Territory, Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Ulan-Ude, Russia; e-mail: sunoxr@03.rospotrebnadzor.ru
Dmitry V. Kalugin, Head, Department for Epizootology and Monitoring, Veterinary Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, Russia; e-mail: Kalugin.D@uvet.govrb.ru
Natalia V. Bakhlina, Principal Expert, Department for Epizootology and Monitoring, Veterinary Directorate for the Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, Russia; e-mail: bakhlina.natasha@rambler.ru
Olga A. Zvereva, Director, Buryat Republican Research and Production Veterinary Laboratory, Ulan-Ude, Russia; e-mail: bvetlab@mail.ru
Vera S. Stepina, Virologist, Trans-Baikal Territorial Veterinary Laboratory, Chita, Russia; e-mail: virusod@mail.ru
Aleksandr M. Ablov, Deputy Director, Irkutsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: imvl2004@mail.ru
Marina Е. Koplik, Virologist, Irkutsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: imvl2004@mail.ru
Ekaterina N. Shkolnikova, Veterinarian, Irkutsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory, Irkutsk, Russia; e-mail: imvl2004@mail.ru
Sergey G. Shchepin, Head, Republican Service for Protection, Control, and Regulation of Use of Fauna Objects Referred to Objects of Hunting, Control, and Supervision in Environmental Management of the Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, Russia; e-mail: info@rsbpn.govrb.ru


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